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Plastic Injection Machines: Technology, Areas of Use and Laboratory Type Solutions

Plastic injection molding machines are one of the basic components of modern production technologies. These machines, which are used in many areas of industrial production, are especially preferred in the automotive, medical, white goods and packaging sectors with high efficiency. However, these machines have an important role not only in mass production but also in quality control processes. In this article, we will provide an overview of the injection molding process, especially why laboratory-type injection machines have become indispensable for factories producing with plastics and the advantages of the domestically produced Alarge MINI Plastic Injection Machine in this area. What is Plastic Injection? Plastic injection is the process of melting granular plastic raw material into a mold under high pressure, then cooling and solidifying in the mold to turn it into a final product. This method provides high precision and repeatability. The production cycle consists of three basic stages: Injection: The molten plastic material is injected into the mold cavity. Holding and Cooling: The material is held under pressure while it takes shape. Product Removal: The mold is opened and the product is removed. Why Are Laboratory Type Injection Molding Machines Needed? In factories that manufacture plastics, the physical properties of plastic raw materials to be taken into the production line must be tested meticulously. In these tests, the raw material’s: Moldability Fluidity behavior Dimensional stability after cooling Surface quality such criteria are evaluated. This is where laboratory-type injection machines come into play. With their small-scale production capacity, these devices allow for the production of test samples in a short time. Thus: Quality control of new raw material batches is ensured,R&D processes are supported,Pre-production simulation is performed,Mold design tests are performed. Laboratory-type machines also stand out with their low energy consumption, fast installation, portability and low mold costs. Alarge MINI Plastic Injection Molding Machine: Compact and Effective Solution Alarge MINI Injection is a laboratory type injection machine manufactured in Türkiye. It is ideal for test laboratories and educational use with its small dimensions and functional features. It is also suitable for the production of low-weight (1–10 grams) plastic parts. Technical Specifications: Suitable Materials: PE, PP, PVC, ABS, PET, PC and more Capacity: 2 kg silo capacity Screen: Ease of use with 7” touch screen Control System: PLC + PID temperature control / Motion control with 2 servo motors Temperature: 4-zone temperature control Horizontal Type Structure: Ergonomic and compact design Modes: Fully automatic and semi-automatic operating options Why Should It Be Preferred? Accelerates quality control processes Facilitates low-volume sample production Allows precise testing of molding parameters The behavior of the raw material can be observed before being taken to the production line Provides an ideal solution for educational institutions and R&D centers Conclusion Plastic injection technology is of great importance not only in large production lines but also in laboratory environments. The reliability of the raw material is directly related to the quality of the product. For this reason, laboratory type injection machines are equipment that must be included in the quality control department of every plastic production factory. Local solutions such as Alarge MINI offer high value for quality control laboratories with their accessibility, service support and economic advantages. Source [1] T.C. M.E. Bakanlığı, “Plastik Teknolojisi”, Ankara, 2011.[2] S. Teklehaimanot, “Simulation and Design of a Plastic Injection Mold,” 2011.[3] ISO 10724-1:1998, https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/es/#iso:std:iso:10724:-1:ed-1:v1:en[4] ALARGE, “Plastik Enjeksiyon Makinesi”, https://www.alarge.com.tr/urunler/diger-sistemler/plastik-enjeksiyon-makinesi[5] ALARGE, “Mini Plastic Injection Module”, Mart 2023

Tensile Test and Compression Test

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Introduction In engineering, materials are exposed to different types of loads. The loads that materials can be subjected to can be listed as tensile, compression, bending, shearing, or twisting. At the same time, these loads can differ statically or dynamically. The material may have to resist one or more of these loads at the same time. In this case, it is necessary to know which material to use under which conditions. In order to group materials, their reactions under certain loads are observed with tests, and the mechanical properties of the materials are thus revealed. Mechanical characterization of materials at small length scales – Maria F. Pantano, Horacio D. Espinosa and Leonardo Pagnotta We can separate the tests for obtaining elasticity properties into static and dynamic. For a test to be static, the force must be applied at a maximum frequency of 1 Hz, at a constant and one time only. In this case, the stress is constant and the elongation ratio is less than 0.25 in the static test. Dynamic tests are used for these types of loads since static tests cannot form an adequate model for suddenly changing loads. In dynamic testing, the load is variable and a sinusoidal deformation is applied to the sample. These tests can also be performed at high or low temperatures. As a result of dynamic tests, hardness and damping information are obtained. We can examine fatigue tests as a sub-branch of dynamic tests. The load is applied cyclically. These tests are performed with tensile-pull, compression-compression, or compression-reverse tensile cycles. As a result of the fatigue test, the life of the materials can be determined. Fatigue strength and cracking resistance are also determined with the fatigue test. Tensile Test Tensile testing is one of the most common tests in engineering to determine the strength properties of materials. It is done to determine the mechanical properties of isotropic materials. This test is basically based on the application of a tensile force on the specimen from opposite faces in the same direction, and monitoring the stress on the material until the material breaks. As a result of the tensile test, yield strength, maximum tensile strength, ductility, Young’s modulus, shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the material can be obtained. Stress – Strain Curves Stress and Strain Curves The nominal tensile stress applied to the material during testing is as follows: Where F is the tensile force and the A_0 is the cross-sectional area under tension. And the strain is defined as; Where L_0 is the initial length of the speciemen and Δ_L is the elongation of the material after the test. With the values derived from the test, the stress-strain curve is obtained. This curve reveals the material’s breaking point, yield strength, maximum tensile strength, and brittleness-ductility condition. Another benefit is that it gives information regardless of the material’s dimensions. J. R. Davis – Tensile Testing (2004) The diagram above shows the stress-strain curve of a brittle material. For most curves, the initial part is linear. The yield strength value is obtained on the curve when a curve parallel to the slope of the curve is drawn from the point where the elongation in the stress-strain curve is 0.2%. We can determine the maximum stress a material can withstand without permanent damage using its yield strength. Up to this point, the object is in the elastic region. After this, the material enters the plastic area, where the forces placed on it cause permanent damage. Yield Stress The slope of the imaginary line we draw to find the yield strength gives us the Young’s modulus, which is an important material property. Young’s modulus is obtained by: The following equation represents Poisson’s ratio, which is the negative of the ratio of horizontal displacement to vertical displacement: Test Most of the cross-sectional views of the specimens used in the tensile test are shown in the figure. Samples can be formed as a sheet or a cylinder. Different clamping types may be used depending on various materials and measurement sensitivity levels. Each method of binding has advantages and disadvantages of its own. Springer Handbook of Materials Measurement Methods-Springer (2006) Tensile tests are carried out according to certain standards. The standards also differ according to the type of material. For example, tensile tests of plastic materials are performed according to the ISO 527-1 standard. For metallic material tests at room temperature, the ISO 6892-1 standard is used. Apart from these, some of the other standards for tensile tests are: ISO 6259-1 – Thermoplastics Pipes – Determination Of Tensile Properties ASTM D 638 – Tensile Test for Plastics ISO 4136 -Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Transverse tensile test TS ISO 37, ASTM D 412, DIN 53504 – Standard Test Methods For Vulcanized Rubber And Thermoplastic Elastomers-Tension ISO 6892-2 – Metallic Materials – Tensile Testing – Part 2: Method Of Test At Elevated Temperature Compression Test The compression test demonstrates how materials behave when compressed or crushed. The test typically lasts until the substance breaks down or until a predetermined limit. The load that the material can withstand before tearing and the extent of its degradation up to this point are thus calculated. In order to test a material, it is often heated or cooled and subjected to many directions of compressive force. However, tests can be performed under varied settings. Materials with high tensile strength generally have low compressive strength. For this reason, these materials are examined by compression testing. The materials on which the most compression tests are performed are generally brittle materials, for example, composites, concrete, wood, metal, and brick materials; polymers, plastics, and foams. A force-strain curve is obtained as a result of the compression test. The force is then converted to stress to create a stress-strain curve. This curve is very similar to the stress-strain curve in the tensile test. Only the axes are in the direction to show the shortening. Compression Stress – % Compression Deformation The calculations in the tensile test are

The Development of the Plastics Industry in the World and in Turkiye

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Plastic Plastics are synthetic or semi-synthetic polymer substances formed by carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and other organic or inorganic substances. Plastics are solid at room temperature. They are easy to shape by mechanical or chemical means. The development of plastic started with the use of natural materials (gum, shellac, etc.) with plastic-like properties found in nature. This was followed by chemically modified natural materials (rubber, nitrocellulose, galalite, etc.). The plastics industry started with a material called celluloid, which Alexander Parkes patented in 1869. The world’s first fully synthetic plastic was Bakelite, invented by Leo Hendrik Beakeland in 1907. Bakelite is a hard, dark plastic and is used in many areas, such as whistles, buttons, clocks, pot handles, jewelry, and cameras. Plastics are widely used for many reasons such as being easy to form, cheap to produce, fast and easy. The vast majority of plastics are produced by distillation from fossil fuel-based petrochemicals. In addition, the latest methods enable the production of plastics from renewable materials such as corn or cotton. Plastic Industry Plastics are used intensively in every field that comes to mind, such as the packaging industry, white goods, automotives, textiles, electronics, and medicine. The rapid growth of the plastics industry is inevitable thanks to this intensive use. The manufacturing industry of plastic and rubber products ranks eighth out of 23 sectors in terms of total employment in the manufacturing industry. The demand for plastic in the world increased in the 1970s. While plastic production was 1.5 tons per year in the 1950s, it saw 50 million tons in the mid-1970s. After this point, plastic production, which started to increase continuously, reached 200 million tons in the 2000s. Of the 335 tons of plastic produced in 2016, 25% was produced by China, 21% by Europe, 20% by NAFTA countries, and 16% by Asian countries excluding China. [1] Our country had a share of 2.7% in the global market with 8.6 million tons of plastic production in 2015. Place sixth in the world and second in Europe. In 2017, 40% of the plastics produced in our country were used in packaging production. This is followed by construction and construction, with a share of 22%. A significant part of the plastic produced in our country is consumed in the domestic market.[2] In the last 5 years, plastic production has reached record levels in terms of both quantity and value: Quality Control in Plastic Before the quality control units were added to the plastics factories, the suitability and quality of the plastic used was unknown. For this reason, the quality of the products produced was quite low. The lack of quality control has led to the introduction of defective, erroneous, perishable, and health-related products and has shown the importance of quality control. Today, there are quality control laboratories in plastic factories. Plastics are inevitably used in all areas of our lives. The properties of the plastics used are quite different from product to product. An undesirable feature in the plastic of one product may be a mandatory feature in another product. Therefore, quality control is very important in terms of meeting customer expectations. Plastics Industry in Pandemic Although the COVID-19 epidemic, which showed its effects throughout the world in 2020, negatively affected the sector in April and May of that year, the need for disposable plastics caused by the pandemic allowed the sector to continue to grow. During the pandemic period, the sector provided intensive production for medical products, food packaging, and hygiene sectors. Belgium has classified the entire plastics industry as a “vital sector”. However, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain have classified some branches of the sector as “vital sectors”. While Greece encouraged the use of plastic bags in shopping to fight the epidemic, there was an explosion in demand for disposable packaging in Lithuania. During the epidemic in our country, as in the whole world, there has been a significant increase in demand in packaging and medical fields. The spread of package services and online shopping has also accelerated the sector in these areas. However, the plastic construction materials industry also experienced a significant decline and lagged even further behind in 2019. The increasing use of plastic during the pandemic has drawn attention to the problem of plastic waste. Recyling in Plastic Plastics do not dissolve, degrade, rust or rot in nature. They only break down over time and continue to exist as waste in the form of microplastic, the smallest form of plastic. Although the use of plastic makes our daily life much easier, it is impossible to ignore the effects of pollution that it will cause in the long run. The plastic waste that we have begun to see in the natural life of our seas and microplastics in sea creatures have compelled the plastics industry to take steps towards recycling. As seen in the graph, although all of the plastics produced in 1980 were left to nature as waste, 25% of them were burned and 20% recycled in 2015. Based on this graph, it can be predicted that the incineration rate will increase to 50% and the recycling rate to 44% by 2050. [3] In the recycling stage, plastics are classified according to their types and broken into small pieces. These parts can be added as raw materials and reused, or they can be used directly in 100% recycling. These plastics, which are divided into small pieces, are melted and made suitable for recycling. At this stage, MFI melt flow devices can be used to determine the melt flow characterization of the plastic. With the recycling of 1 ton of plastic; 5774 kWh of energy is saved, 41 tons of greenhouse gas emissions are reduced, 23 m³ storage area is gained. [4] References: [1] – https://pagev.org/upload/files/Hammadde%20Yeni%20Tebli%c4%9f%20Bilg.%203/D%c3%bcnya%20Plastik%20Sekt%c3%b6r%20Raporu%202016.pdf [2] – https://ekonomi.isbank.com.tr/ContentManagement/Documents/sr201711_plastiksektoru.pdf [3] – https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution?utm_source=newsletter [4] – https://sifiratik.gov.tr/plastik-atik

Quality Control Tests of Packaging Films

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What is Packaging? Packaging is a material that keeps the product it contains clean, safe, and healthy while also facilitating storage and transportation by ensuring that it arrives at its destination. Packaging can be classified as sales packaging, group packaging, transport packaging, and consumer packaging. Packaging Films Plastic films are used in packaging production; they are transparent or translucent light substances that are not affected by biological toxic substances. In addition, they must be suitable for chemical and atmospheric conditions, resistant to high pressure, temperature, and corrosion. Packaging films used in the industry generally consist of polypropylene, polyethylene, polyamide, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, and polyethylene terephthalate. The Importance of the Quality of Packaging Films Since packaging films have the purpose of protecting the area where they are used against all kinds of external influences, the quality level must be high. In the case of any packaging film damage caused by neglecting quality, it may cause very high material damage depending on the protected substance it contains. Quality Control Test Methods are Used in Packaging Films Various tests are carried out to control the quality of packaging films. The purpose of these tests is to perform physical tensile, impact, tear, breakage, and other durability and usability tests of the packaging films to be produced and used. These tests are listed as follows: Impact Resistance with Lance Drop Standards: ISO 7765-1-1988, ASTM D1709, JIS K7124-1, GB/T 9639.1-2008 The impact strength of polyethylene films is determined by using the pike drop impact strength device, which is a laboratory test device. In the preparation phase of the test, a certain part of the cylindrical film is cut and turned into a single-layer film. The product to be tested is carefully placed on the lance impact area of the device by stretching it to a certain distance (1.5 inches). The weighted lance is attached to its place. The weight is lowered by pressing the button, and after it bounces off the test film, it is caught in the air. Each repetition of this process is counted by counters. The purpose of the test is to determine whether the test film cracked on impact. If cracks occur in the film, it is repeated by reducing the weight by 10%. If it does not create cracks in the film, it is repeated by increasing it at the same rate. The construction of the test is continued until 20 repetitions are made. Then the obtained data is collected in a graph and evaluated. In addition, this test is done separately on the body and the edge of the film. Tensile Strength Standards: ISO 37, GB 8808, GB/T 1040.1-2006, GB/T 1040.2-2006, GB/T 1040.3-2006, GB/T 1040.4-2006, GB/T 1040.5-2008, GB/T 4850-2002, GB/T 12914-2008, GB/T 17200, GB/T 16578.1-2008, GB/T 7122, GB/T 2790, GB/T 2791, GB/T 2792, GB14232.1-2004, GB15811-2001, GB/T1962.1-2001, GB2637-1995, GB15810-2001, ASTM E4, ASTM D882, ASTM D1938, ASTM D3330, ASTM F88, ASTM F904, QB/T 2358, QB/T 1130, JIS P8113, YY0613-2007, YBB00042002, YBB00112004 During the preparation phase of the tensile test, samples are obtained at the thickness determined in the appropriate shape and dimensions. The middle of the plate is marked, and the sample is placed between the jaws. The extensiometer is attached to the marked area. The experiment is started by selecting the previously prepared test method. The tensile strength and elongation results are calculated by the device from the graph formed as a result of the experiment. Tear Strength Standards: ISO 6383-1-1983, ISO 6383-2-1983, ISO 1974, ASTM D1922 ASTM D1424, ASTM D689, TAPPI T414 GB/T16578.2-2009 GB/T 455 The PE films of standard sizes are prepared before the tear test is performed. The required force is determined by the laboratory tester. The level of the device is adjusted, and the film sample is placed between the two jaws and force is applied to the sample. The force at the moment of tearing is read and the tear strength of the sample is determined. Color Standards: ISO 2470; ISO 3688 Plates are prepared from polypropylene powder and pellet samples, and color values are measured by selecting the appropriate light source in the test device. After all values are measured, the whiteness index is found. Resistance to breakage by environmental pressure Standards: ISO 6252 NEQ,ISO 4599 NEQ–; ASTM D 1693 (1980)–; ASTM D 1693:1980 EQV— The breaking strength of the polyethylene sample plates, which are prepared properly and kept in the surfactant by being clamped in a vise, is measured. A solution is prepared and placed in the test tube after the sample material is brought to the appropriate temperature. Then it is left to wait for it to reach the appropriate temperature. In the meantime, the notches are opened on the plates, the bending system is put in the vice, and the plates are placed on it (the notched parts are on top). The plates bent in the vise are placed in the sample holder. The sample holder is properly placed in the tube and breaks are expected and noted over time. References: www.petkim.com.tr https://ambalaj.org.tr http://www.plastik-ambalaj.com www.ucsaambalaj.com

What is Hydrostatic Internal Pressure Test?

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Hydrostatics is the science that studies the behavior of liquids at rest. The pressure arising from the accelerations in these fluids is called hydrostatic pressure. It is a test to determine material strength and life by measuring the deformation caused by hydrastatic internal pressure in plastic or thermoplastic pipes such as Polypropylene (PP), Polyethylene (PE), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) under constant temperature and pressure. Values such as temperature, pressure etc. and other conditions are determined by some standards such as ISO 1167, BS EN 921 and ASTM D1598. Why is Hydrostatic Internal Pressure Test Done? Today, the transfer of many important resources is provided with the help of pipes. The durability of the pipes is important in terms of human life, waste of resources and prevention of environmental pollution. For this reason, the pipes produced must comply with the standards determined according to the area in which they will be used. In order for PE, PP, PVC and PE RT pipes to be used safely, the working conditions and service life at certain temperature and pressure values should be known according to the area in which they will be used. In order to determine these conditions, the pipes must pass the hydrostatic internal pressure test. By comparing the obtained values with the standards, it is determined whether they are suitable for use or not. Standards ISO 1167, BS EN 921, ASTM D1598 are standards that explain in detail the rules that must be followed in a hydrostatic internal pressure test and the conditions that the test environment and test elements must be. In them, the shapes of the fasteners and the methods of connecting the elements are determined. Here, It is stated that the dimensioning of the sample to be tested should comply with ASTM D2122 and ASTM D3567 standards. According to BS EN 921 and D1598 standards, the sensitivity of the conditioning and pressure devices to be used in the test should be at the level of ± 2%. The temperature of the environment, fasteners and test liquid should be 23 Cᵒ. According to the D2122 standard, pipes 150 mm (6 in.) in diameter and smaller must have a length of at least five times the outer diameter of the pipe. For pipes with a larger diameter, this value should be at least three times the outer diameter. Test Equipments The test system consists of one upper and lower closing caps, clamps for fixing these caps, mounting and sealing elements, conditioner, liquid tank and pressure device. How to Do the Test? The sample selected in accordance with the standards is closed at both ends with end caps. It is filled with liquid brought to the desired temperature with the help of a conditioner until there is no air in it. Then, the sample is made ready for testing by being completely immersed in the conditioned medium by being supported so that it does not warp due to weight. According to the EN 921 standard, samples with a wall thickness of less than 3 mm should be subjected to conditioning for 1 hour, those with 3-8 mm for 3 hours, those with 8-16 mm for 6 hours, and those with a greater than 16 mm for 16 hours. By adjusting the pressure level with a pressure machine, it is applied to the sample that is ready, and the test is started by starting the counter at the same time. The variation of the deformation in the sample with respect to time is recorded. Pressure will be applied to specimens is calculated by the equation given: P = Pressure (bar) σ = Hoop Stress (MPa) D = Pipe Outer Diameter (mm) t = Wall Thickness (mm) Hup stress is the tensile stress induced along the entire circumference of the pipe due to the applied pressure. If a puncture or leakage occurs on the sample while the test is in progress, the test is stopped and the type of deformation is recorded as brittle or ductile. According to EN 921, if the error occurs closer to the closing caps than 0.1 times the length of the pipe, the test is canceled and the test is repeated with a new sample. In case of an explosion during the test, precautions should be taken and if a gas is used instead of liquid, the potential energy storage capabilities of gases should not be ignored. The equipment and environment to be tested must be free of oil and dirt. Evulation of Test Results If the pipes exposed to pressure during the test do not burst within 100 hours at 20°C, and 165 hours at 80°C [1], which is the time determined by the standards, or if the graphs do not show values above the determined deformation, it is decided that the pipe is suitable for use. Usage Areas Plastic and thermoplastic pipes have found wide usage area due to reasons such as easy workmanship, low cost, low maintenance requirement and not being exposed to corrosion. It is widely used in network systems because it can transport waste water as well as resources such as natural gas, clean water and geothermal water. In addition to these, it continues to be used in agricultural irrigation. Hydrostatic pressure test is involved in the safe use of plastic pipes in these sectors. References: [1] – https://topuzplastik.com.tr/testler/

What is OIT Thermal Analysis Test?

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What is Thermal Analysis? Thermal analysis is the measurement of the changes in the physical properties of the sample, such as melting point, dehydration point, isomer transition point, weight, conductivity, as a function of temperature and time, as a result of a controlled change in the temperature of the sample taken from a substance. Thermal analysis techniques have various application areas such as structure analysis of materials, purity control, control of thermal constants, quality control, process development. Biological materials, inorganic compounds, metals, alloys, polymers, minerals can be given as examples of substances that can be studied by these techniques. There are various thermal analysis techniques classified according to the weight change, energy change, size change and emitted gases observed from the material. What is Oxidation, What Does It Affect? Oxidation is the reaction of a material with oxygen. When materials undergo oxidation, they lose some of their properties and become unsuitable for use. For example, oxidized iron loses its mechanical strength and becomes unusable. Likewise, oxidized polymers become brittle. What is OIT (Oxidation Induction Time Determination)? Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), which is one of the thermal analysis techniques based on energy change, is a technique in which the heat required for heating (endothermic processes), cooling (exothermic processes) or keeping the sample and reference at a constant temperature is measured as a function of temperature and time. It is generally used to evaluate the oxidation stability of various polymeric materials. The OIT test is performed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). What Issues Does DSC Address? Material identification Amorphous vs. Semi-Crystalline Melting Point Analysis Glass Transition Analysis Material condition Contamination Molecular Degradation Additive Testing Residual Stress Material Properties Crystallinity Cure state DSC is a powerful technique for identifying and diagnosing problems with polymeric components, but it has some limitations. Interpretation of results is highly dependent on the analyst experience. The region from which the sample was taken may not be representative of the entire piece. Machine is highly sensitive. Cannot distinguish between samples with similar melting points/glass transition. It is a standard test used to measure the oxidation stability level of the material, that is, its resistance to oxidation, by determining the time taken until the onset of oxidative decomposition. It measures and evaluates the oxidation stability of materials and the performance of stabilizers much faster than conventional methods. The oxidation induction time depends on the temperature, the surface area of the sample and the class of the sampled material. As the temperature increases, the oxidation induction time becomes shorter as the decomposition accelerates. The oxidation induction temperature depends on the heating rate and the surface area of the sample. The higher the heating rate, the higher the oxidation induction temperature. In order to ensure test sensitivity, the sample amount should be maximum 50 mg. In addition, it is necessary to provide a heating environment that will not cause a chemical reaction. AL-DSC/OIT Properties Temperature range is between +25/+350°C Temperature resolution ±0.02°C Temperature accuracy ±0.2 °C The sample amount is max 50 mg Heating rate 0.01 – 500 °C / min Calorimeter accuracy < ±0.3 % Calorimeter sensitivity 0.35 mW It is produced according to TS EN ISO 11357 – 1, TS EN ISO 11357 – 6 standards. ISO 11357 is used for quality assurance purposes, routine inspections of raw materials and finished products to determine the comparable data required for data sheets or databases. It cites several DSC methods for thermal analysis of polymers and polymer mixtures. According to this standard, the substances in which DSC methods are used are thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers. It is aimed at the observation and measurement of various properties of these substances, such as physical transitions, chemical reactions, heat capacity and oxidation stability. ISO 11357-6, part of the ISO 11357 standard, describes the evaluation by measuring the oxidation induction time of plastic pulp material in a certain formulation. In the ISO 11357-6 standard, reference is made to the ISO 293, ISO 294-3, ISO 472, ISO 1872-2, ISO 1873-2, ISO 8986-2 and ISO 11357-1 standards. How to Do the OIT Test? A test piece with a smooth surface is cut from the sample to be tested, in a size and shape to fit inside the capsule. The test piece is placed in an open or ventilable aluminum container in good contact with the container. This aluminum cup and an empty aluminum reference cup are placed inside the machine. A nitrogen flow of 50 ml/min ± 10% is provided from the device until time. The sample and reference are heated at a constant rate in an atmosphere of nitrogen gas and the temperature is kept constant. When the desired temperature is reached, an oxygen flow of 50 ml/min ± 10% is provided at time . The time elapsed from the time of transition to the oxygen atmosphere () to the starting point of exothermic oxidation () is measured. This is the oxidation induction time of the sample and is denoted by . The oxidation time is expressed in minutes. In order to obtain accurate and reproducible OIT data, the following conditions must be met: Stable isothermal temperature Constant sample morphology, geometry and weight Reliable and consistent purge gas flow rate

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